FEMA’s New “Comprehensive Preparedness Guideline (CPG 101)”: History, Highlights and Analysis

On April 14, 2009, the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) National Preparedness Directorate (NPG) released the final March 2009 version of its document titled “Comprehensive Preparedness Guide (CPG) 101: Developing and Maintaining State, Territorial, Tribal, and Local Government Emergency Plans” (hence, “CPG 101”). (1-2) The new document is 172 pages in length. The CPG 101 unfortunately lacks an introductory letter from say, the FEMA administrator or the deputy administrator of the FEMA National Preparedness Directorate.

Map under Suppiluliuma I, Hittite King. Source:  http://www.hittites.info/Images/mapSuppiluliumaI.jpg; accessed April 7, 2009.

The CPG 101 “provides general guidelines on developing Emergency Operations Plans (EOPs),” says the FEMA release. (1) The document’s Preface states that the Guide “expands [on FEMA’s] efforts to provide guidance about response and recovery planning”—and now also guidance on planning in “the prevention and protection mission areas.” (3)

Map under Suppiluliuma I, Hittite King. Source:  http://www.hittites.info/Images/mapSuppiluliumaI.jpg; accessed April 7, 2009.

The Guide replaces an interim document titled “Producing Emergency Plans: A Guide for All-Hazard Planning for State, Territorial, Local, and Tribal Governments (Interim), released August 1, 2008 (4). The Guide also supersedes “State and Local Guide 101: Guide for All-Hazards Emergency Planning,” released September 1996 by Kay Goss, then associate director for preparedness, training, and exercises under President Clinton-appointee FEMA Director James L. Witt (1993-2001). (5-6) The Goss document is 279 pages in length.

FEMA states CPG 101 is the “first in a series of publications developed through the FEMA National Preparedness Directorate’s CPG Initiative.” What is the FEMA National Preparedness Directorate? Recall that the 2006 Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act, reviewed elsewhere (7), mandated creation of this directorate under FEMA’s authority. In essence, “the Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act corrected what was widely viewed by Congress and the public as the mistaken direction to dismember FEMA, initiated by Homeland Security Secretary Chertoff in 2005. The Hurricane Katrina catastrophe was the trigger for this reform. FEMA is now a larger bureaucracy with a greater capability. Judging from the injury hurled at coastal populations and infrastructure by Hurricanes Gustav and Ike during the past few weeks, congressional reform was timely and appropriate.” (7)

1. New Comprehensive Preparedness Guide Member of Long Series of FEMA Civil Preparedness Guides (CPGs) 

Former President Jimmy Carter created FEMA by both executive order 12127 (March 31, 1979) and his Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978. In June 1978, he submitted the latter to Congress, which established and began to fund FEMA.

Some of the first FEMA publications focusing on disaster planning were Disaster Planning Guide, published in July 1981, and Local Government Emergency Planning, CPG 1-8 , published in 1982. Note that “CPG” stood for “Civil Preparedness Guide” until the release of the current document, which changes the meaning of the acronym “CPG” to “Comprehensive Planning Guide.”    

Below is a list of Civil/Comprehensive Preparedness Guides produced by FEMA or its predecessor agency from 1977-2009. Entries from the list are from the International Disaster/Fire Training Institute, Inc., website and other sources. (5,8-9) Bolded entries are related documents that have been rescinded over time as the next revision has come online.
List of FEMA Civil Preparedness Guides 1977-2009 (5,8-9)

Number	Date Released	Title	Presidential Administration	FEMA Director/Administrator
CPG 1-28	January 1977	Energy Emergencies	Jimmy Carter	Prior to creation of FEMA
CPG 2-6.2	June 1977	Radiological Defense Manual	Jimmy Carter	Prior to creation of FEMA
CPG 1-6	1981	Disaster Operations: A Handbook for Local Governments	Ronald Reagan	Louis O. Giuffrida
CPG 1-8	1982	Local Government Emergency Planning	Ronald Reagan	Louis O. Giuffrida
CPG 2-8-12	October 1982	Impacts of the Crisis Relocation Strategy on Transportation Systems Volume 1: Analysis and Case Study	Ronald Reagan	Louis O. Giuffrida
CPG 2-6.2.3	April 1983	Handbook for Aerial Radiological Monitors	Ronald Reagan	Louis O. Guiffrida
CPG 1-19	July 1983	Guidance for Development of an Emergency Fallout Shelter Stocking Plan	Ronald Reagan	Louis O. Guiffrida
CPG 2-6.4	September 23, 1983	Radiation Safety in Shelters	Ronald Reagan	Louis O. Guiffrida
CPG 1-5	1984	Objectives for Local Emergency Management	Ronald Reagan	Louis O. Guiffrida
CPG 1-20	May 1984	Emergency Operating Centers Handbook	Ronald Reagan	Louis O. Guiffrida
CPG 1-33	May 1984	Broadcast Station Protection Program	Ronald Reagan	Louis O. Guiffrida
CPG 2-15	September 1984	Transportation Planning Guidelines for the Evacuation of Large Populations	Ronald Reagan	Louis O. Guiffrida
CPG 2-16	December 1984	A Guide to Hurricane Preparedness Planning for State and Local Officials	Ronald Reagan	Louis O. Guiffrida
CPG 1-35	January 1985	Integrated Emergency Management System Hazard Identification, Capability Assessment, and Multi-Year Development Plan for Local Governments	Ronald Reagan	Louis O. Guiffrida
CPG 2-18	1985	State and Local Earthquake Hazards Reduction: Implementation of FEMA Funding and Support	Ronald Reagan	Louis O. Guiffrida
CPG 2-13 and CPG 2-13A-S	April 1986	Planned Maintenance Management System (and separate documents for entities ranging from manual portable antennas to manual microwave transmitters and receivers)	Ronald Reagan	Julius W. Becton, Jr.
CPG 2-8	April 1987	Sheltering and Care Operations	Ronald Reagan	Julius W. Becton, Jr.
CPG 1-31	May 1987	Disaster Preparedness Improvement Grant Program Guidelines	Ronald Reagan	Julius W. Becton, Jr.
C 1-10	July 27, 1987	Guide for the Development of a State and Local Continuity of Government Capability	Ronald Reagan	Julius W. Becton, Jr.
CPG 1-35	October 1987	Integrated Emergency Management System Hazard Identification, Capability Assessment and Multi-Year Development Plan for Local Governments	Ronald Reagan	Julius W. Becton, Jr.
CPG 2-20	January 21, 1988	Life Support Operations in Shelters	Ronald Reagan	Julius W. Becton, Jr.
CPG 2-21	May 1988	Habitability and Human Problems in Shelters	Ronald Reagan	Julius W. Becton, Jr.
CPG 1-39	September 1988	National Dam Safety Program for State and Local Officials	Ronald Reagan	Julius W. Becton, Jr.
CPG 1-20 Change 1	May 16, 1989	Civil Preparedness Guide Federal Emergency Management Agency	George H.W. Bush	Julius W. Becton, Jr.
CPG 2-1	September 1989	Radiological Defense Preparedness	George H.W. Bush	Robert H. Morris (acting)
CPG 2-22	January 1990	Coordinating Hosting Operations	George H.W. Bush	Robert H. Morris (acting)
SLG 100 (SLG = State and Local Government)	May 1990	Guide for Increasing Local Government Civil Defense Readiness During Periods of International Crisis	George H.W. Bush	Robert H. Morris (acting)
CPG 1-8	September 10, 1990	Guide for the Development of State and Local Emergency Operations Plans	George H.W. Bush	Wallace E. Stickney
CPG 2-16	February 1991	Electromagnetic Pulse Protection Guidance (Volumes 1-3)	George H.W. Bush	Wallace E. Stickney
CPG 1-14	March 1991	Principles of Warning and Criteria Governing Eligibility for National Warning System Service	George H.W. Bush	Wallace E. Stickney
CPG 1-15	March 1991	Guidance for Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service	George H.W. Bush	Wallace E. Stickney
CPG 1-14 Change 1	May 21, 1991	Civil Preparedness Guide Federal Emergency Management Agency	George H.W. Bush	Wallace E. Stickney
CPG 1-40	May 1991	Emergency Broadcast System	George H.W. Bush	Wallace E. Stickney
CPG 1-16	April 1992	National Warning System Operations	George H.W. Bush	Wallace E. Stickney
CPG 1-18	July 1992	Guidance for Telecommunications Service Priority System	George H.W. Bush	Wallace E. Stickney
CPG 1-3	August 1992	Civil Preparedness Guide CCA General Program Guidelines	George H.W. Bush	Wallace E. Stickney
CPG 1-3 Change 1	October 1992	Civil Preparedness Guide Federal Emergency Management Agency	George H.W. Bush	Wallace E. Stickney
CPG 1-8A	October 1992	A Guide for the Review of State and Local Emergency Operations Plans	George H.W. Bush	Wallace E. Stickney
CPG 1-14 Change 2	April 12, 1993	Civil Preparedness Guide Federal Emergency management Agency	William J. Clinton	James Lee Witt
CPG 1-35	March 1995	Capability and Hazard Identification Program for Local Governments	William J. Clinton	James Lee Witt
CPG 1-40	June 1996	Emergency Alert System	William J. Clinton	James Lee Witt
SLG 101	Sept 1996	State and Local Guide 101: Guide for All-Hazards Emergency Planning	William J. Clinton	James Lee Witt
CPG 101 Interim	August 1, 2008	Producing Emergency Plans: A Guide for Planning for State, Territorial, Local, and Tribal Governments (Interim)	George W. Bush	R. David Paulison (administrator)
CPG 101	March 2009	Developing and Maintaining State, Territorial, Tribal, and Local Government Emergency Plans	Barack Obama	Nancy Ward (acting administrator)

 

2. Highlights and Analysis of CGS 101
• CGS 101 Reflects the Experiences of People and the Times that Produced It: The Preface of CPG 101 states, “Hurricane Andrew and the Loma Prieta earthquake influenced the development of CPG 1-8 [September 1990] and the Midwest floods shaped the contents of SLG 101 [September 1996]. In a similar way, CPG 101 reflects the impacts of thee September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and recent major disasters, such as Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, on the emergency planning community.” (2)
• CGS 101 Is Part of a Larger Disaster Planning Modernization Effort: “CPG integrates concepts from the National Preparedness Guidelines, National Incident Management System, National Response Framework, National Strategy for Information Sharing, and National Infrastructure Protection Plan. It also serves as a companion document to the Integrated Planning System (IPS) mandated by Annex I of Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD)-8, and it fulfills the requirement that the IPS address State and local planning. Additionally CPG 101 references the Target Capabilities List that outlines the fundamental capabilities essential to implementing the National Preparedness Guidelines.” (2)

The embedding of CGS 101 (March 2009) in the larger national disaster planning modernization effort contrasts sharply to the hands-off tone of its predecessor, SLG 101 (September 1996). For example, the front mater of the SLG 101 states,

This Guide [SGL 101] is meant to aid State and local emergency managers (also called “emergency management coordinators’) in their efforts to develop and maintain a viable all-hazard emergency operations plan…Each community’s EOP [emergency operations plan] must reflect what that community will do to protect itself from its hazards with the resources it has or can obtain…This Guide…establishes no requirements, and its recommendations, adapted, or disregarded.” (10) (Italics and bolding are in the original.)

• CSG 101 Expects State and Local Emergency Operations Plans to Follow its Guidance in the Future: “FEMA recommends that teams responsible for developing emergency plans within State and Local governments and in the private sector use CPG 101 to guide their efforts. It provides a context for emergency planning in light of other existing plans and describes a process to use in any planning effort. The Guide recognizes that many jurisdictions across the country have already developed emergency operations plans (EOPs) that address many homeland security operations. Therefore, CPG 101 establishes no immediate requirements but suggests that the next iterations of all EOPs follow this guidance. (11) (Bolding added.) “CPG 101 is the foundation for State and local planning in the United States.” (12) (Bolding added.) This expectation contrasts sharply to the lack of expectation by FEMA that state and local governments use the SLG 101 guide in producing their emergency operations plans, as noted above.
• CGS 101 Is Supported by many Authorities: CGS 101 is supported by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended. One of the most recent amendments—the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-390, October 30, 2000), which was not on the books in 1996 when the SLG 101 was released,  “provides the legal authority for FEMA’s requirement that State, Territorial, Tribal, and Local governments produce mitigation plans as a condition of receiving funding for mitigation grants.” (12-13) Congress is already enforcing development of mitigation plans at the state and local level as a precondition for receipt of federal grant money by those governments. As pointed out in the CSG 101 document, emergency operations planners, when developing their emergency operations plans, should borrow heavily from existing mitigation plans they may have developed, which tend to be robust, in this writer’s experience.

Another source that supports CGS 101 is the Homeland Security Act of 2002, which assigns DHS the responsibility to develop a comprehensive national plan for securing the nation’s critical infrastructure and key resources and for recommending measures “in coordination with other agencies of the Federal government and in cooperation with State and Local government agencies and authorities, the private sector, and other entities.” (11) Congress is already requiring that the federal government cooperate with states and local governments to protect the nation’s infrastructure and key resources.

Finally, Chapter 1, Title 44 of the Code of Federal Regulations promulgates regulations governing emergency management and assistance and provides procedural, eligibility and funding requirements for program operations.” (14)

Based on these four authorities, CPG 101 says emphatically, “State, Territorial, Tribal and Local, governments should use this Guide to supplement laws, policies, and regulations from their jurisdictions.” (14)

The authority cited by the developers of SLG 101 is much more limited, as follows: “This SLG is issued under authority of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, as amended. In this law, Congress recognizes emergency management as a joint responsibility of Federal, State, and local government. For the Federal Government, Congress defines a role that includes providing ‘necessary direction, coordination and guidance’ (sec. 601) for the Nation’s emergency management system, to include ‘technical assistance to the States in developing comprehensive plans and programs for preparation against disasters’ (para. 201(b)).” (10)

• CGP 101 Embraces Prevention and Protection Missions of Homeland Security: “Emergency planning addresses each of the four mission areas identified in the National Strategy for Homeland Security: to prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from natural technological, or human-caused emergencies. Only by integrating planning efforts for the four mission areas can jurisdictions produce an effective emergency management and homeland security program.” (14)

CGP 101 defines the term “prevention” as the reduction of risk from human-caused events. “Although it is impossible to prevent some emergencies [I think the writers meant to say the word “hazards”] (such as hurricanes, floods, and volcanic eruptions), concerted action can minimize or prevent disasters resulting from other causes (such as terrorism, crime, nuclear or industrial accidents, fires, and public health incidents.) Prevention actions can also help mitigate secondary opportunistic events that may occur after an incident. Prevention planning identifies actions that minimize the possibility that an event will occur or that it will adversely impact the safety and security of a jurisdiction’s critical infrastructures and its inhabitants. Prevention planning focuses on reducing the likelihood of threats and consequences while protecting civil rights and liberties. Incorporating prevention methods into the comprehensive planning process also helps a jurisdiction identify information or intelligence requirements that support the other mission areas and the overall planning process.” (14)

CPG 101 continues: “Protection reduces or eliminates a threat to people and places. The protection of [critical infrastructure and key resources] is vital to local jurisdictions, national security, public health and safety, and economic vitality. Protection safeguards citizens and their freedoms. Protection includes actions to mitigate the risk to [critical infrastructure and key resources] assets, systems, networks, functions, and/or their interconnecting links from exposure, injury, destruction, incapacitation, or exploitation. It includes actions or measures taken to cover or shield assets for exposure, injury, or destruction. Protective actions may occur before, during, or after an incident and prevent, minimize, or contain the impact of an incident.” (14)

The 1996 SLG 101 document by contrast focuses on “preparedness, response, and short-term recovery planning elements that warrant inclusion in State and local EOPs.” (15) 3, the term “prevention” occurs only three or four times in conjunction with human and animal health and medical care. The term “protection” occurs in conjunction with animal, family, and personal property issues. The concept of critical infrastructure and key resources protection as a function of emergency management has not yet emerged.

• CPG 101 Recasts the Mitigation Aspect of Homeland Security/Emergency Management: CPG 101 notes, “While not a mission area, mitigation is part of the overall preparedness effort and must be considered when developing management strategies for each mission area. Mitigation represents the sustained actions a jurisdiction takes to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to people and property from the effects of hazards and threats…Viewed broadly, the goal of all mitigation efforts is risk reduction…Plans should…provide insight into how mission area operations support mitigation efforts. Prevention actions help keep the risk posed by a hazard or threat from occurring or getting worse. Examples of prevention activities include planning and zoning, land development regulation, storm water management, fusion center operations, law enforcement, and fire prevention inspections. Protection actions focus on people, property critical infrastructure, and natural resources. They include measures to modify structures, secure facilities and people, and conserve the environment. Mitigation actions during Recovery include relocation and rebuilding.” (15)

The SLG 101 document, by contrast, views mitigation as one of the “four interrelated actions of emergency management,” “mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.” In addition, it promotes facilitation of  “mitigation into response and recovery activities,” but not prevention and protection activities. SLG 101 defines mitigation more narrowly than CPG 101, i.e., “Mitigation actions involve lasting, often permanent, reduction of exposure to, probability of, or potential loss from hazard events. They tend to focus on where and how to build. Examples include: zoning and building code requirements for rebuilding in high-hazard areas; floodplain buyouts; and analyses of floodplain and other hazard-related data to determine where it is safe to build in normal times, to open shelters in emergencies, or to locate temporary housing in the aftermath of a disaster. Mitigation also can involve educating businesses and the public on simple measures they can take to reduce loss and injury, like fastening bookshelves, water heaters, and file cabinets to walls to keep them from falling during earthquakes.” (16)

CPG 101 Signals Proactive Stance to Emergency Management and Homeland security: Emphasis on prevention and protection signals a proactive stance, which typifies the world view of law enforcement, fire prevention, and, more recently, the U.S. military. (17) CGP 101 notes, “As a general rule, the goals of prevention and protection planning efforts should be to identify threats and protect potential targets. To accomplish these goals, prevention and protection plans focus on information collection and threat detection; risk, vulnerability, and intelligence analysis; information sharing and collaboration; criminal investigation and intervention; critical infrastructure protection; and risk management. Because the protection of [critical infrastructure and key resources] affects emergency preparedness and operations, State and local governments’ [emergency operations plans] should contain information on what steps they are taking to identify and protect [critical infrastructure and key resources]. Planners must assess potential vulnerabilities, consequences, or threats and provide critical infrastructure protection measures for the systems and assets they identify as [critical infrastructure and key assets]. (18)

The proactive aspect of  CPG 101 is consistent with the message promulgated by retired U.S. Army General Russel L. Honore (of Hurricane Katrina fame), who has shared the following projection slide during his recent public speeches. He says emphatically that our society needs to shift its cultural focus from the right side of the disaster equation to the left side of the equation, that is, to prevent or mitigate harm from happening in the first place (to the degree possible given the current state of knowledge), rather than being content to simply clean up the mess after disaster strikes each time a disaster strikes.   

Map under Suppiluliuma I, Hittite King. Source:  http://www.hittites.info/Images/mapSuppiluliumaI.jpg; accessed April 7, 2009.		Map showing the great empires of the Near East between 1400-1350 BC (Egypt, Hittite, Mitanni, and Assyrian). Source: http://pagesperso-orange.fr/miltiade/empires1.jpg; accessed April 7, 2009.

The proactive stance adopted by FEMA was confirmed by former FEMA Administrator David Paulison who, during the January 14, 2009, open FEMA Twitter forum, answered the following question posed by the writer: “Where is FEMA going [in a cultural sense]? He answered, “FEMA is going towards a much more proactive rather than reactive organization.” (19)

SPG 101, by contrast, focuses most heavily on preparedness, response and short-term recovery, although it alludes in many places to the need for mitigation strategies. It is a reactively-oriented document and approach. Strengthening the left side of the equation with prevention and protection activities that cover critical infrastructure and key resources was not considered within the scope of traditional emergency management.

Map under Suppiluliuma I, Hittite King. Source:  http://www.hittites.info/Images/mapSuppiluliumaI.jpg; accessed April 7, 2009.

• CGP 101 Emphatic about Vertical Synchronization of Emergency Operating Plans:  The CPG 101 “supports the foundational principle that in many situations homeland security operations start at the Local level and add State, Regional, and Federal assets as the affected jurisdiction requires additional resources and capabilities. This means that plans must be integrated vertically among levels of government to ensure a common operational focus.” (Emphasis added) (20) “Vertical integration is the meshing of planning both up and down the various levels of government [between Federal-National and Federal-Regional and State/Territorial and Tribal/Local]…It means that as a planning team identifies a support requirement for a “higher level” during the planning process, the two levels work together on resolving the problem …” Furthermore,  says the document, “The goal is to ensure the effectiveness of combined Federal and State, Territorial, Tribal, and Local operations through integration and synchronization. Key concepts for a national planning structure — integration and synchronization — serve different but equally important purposes in linking Federal plans and State EOPs. From the Federal government perspective, integrated planning helps answer the question of how its agencies and departments add the right resources at the right time to support State and Local operations. From the States’ perspective, integrated planning provides answers to questions about working with other organizations and obtaining resources.” (21)

The CPG 101 document notes the importance of horizontal integration at each government level, but the strong new emphasis is on vertical integration. By contrast, the SLG 101 in 1996 does not use the term “vertical,” and, as noted earlier, adopts a laissez faire approach to connectivity arrangements between government planning levels. Recall from above the SLG 101 statement:  

Each community’s EOP [emergency operations plan] must reflect what that community will do to protect itself from its hazards with the resources it has or can obtain…This Guide…establishes no requirements, and its recommendations, adapted, or disregarded.” (Italics and bolding are in the original.) (10)

• CPG 101 Endorses Effective Planning Processes: A particularly good section in CPG 101 titled “Characteristics of Effective Planning Processes” cites common characteristics of effective planning systems and processes, as follows (p. 3-2):
• Are continuous;
• Attempt to reduce unknowns in the anticipated event, while acknowledging that it is impossible to preplan every aspect of every mission area;
• Aim at evoking appropriate actions;
• Are based on what is likely to happen and what people are likely to do;
• Are based on facts, including knowledge about people’s typical behavior, the threat or hazard itself, and required capabilities;
• Focus on general principles while maintaining flexibility; and
• Are tested.

This list is enlightened. Leaders need more training in these planning principles.

3. Summary

The CPG 101 reflects a new maturity at FEMA. Though not perfect, it is moving the culture of the organization in a more useful direction—that is, REDUCING RISK. By energizing the left side of the disaster equation (applying prevention, protection, preparedness and mitigation ideas and techniques) instead of focusing on the right side of the disaster equation (response and recovery), FEMA will increase the probability of producing better outcomes for communities faced with hazards and threats.  

Notes:

1. “FEMA announces release of final Comprehensive Preparedness Guide 101.” April 14, 2009. Release Number: HQ-09-039. Available at http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=47972; accessed April 15, 2009.
2. FEMA: March 2009 Comprehensive Preparedness Guide 101. Available at http://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/divisions/npd/cpg_101_layout.pdf; accessed April 15, 2009.
3. Ibid, p. 1.
4. FEMA “Producing Emergency Plans: A Guide for All-hazards Operations Planning for State, Territorial, Local, and Tribal governments (Interim).” Available at http://www.fema.gov/news/newsrelease.fema?id=45314; accessed April 15, 2009.
5. FEMA: “State and Local Guide (SLG) 101: Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning.” September 1996. Available at http://www.fema.gov/pdf/plan/slg101.pdf; accessed April 15, 2009.
6. SEMP Biot Report #587: “James Lee Witt: Twelfth FEMA Director: Part II: 1993-2001.” January 21, 2009. Available at http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=587; accessed April 15, 2009.
7. SEMP Biot Report #537: “The Incredible expanding FEMA.” September 15, 2008. Available at http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=537; accessed April 15, 2009.
8. Part of this list is from “Civil Preparedness Guides” at the International Disaster/Fire Training Institute, Inc. website, available at www.all-hazards.com/LGP/library/cpg.htm; accessed April 15, 2009.
9. SEMP Biot Report #561: “The First Ten FEMA Directors, 1979-1993.” November 14, 2008. Available at http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=561; accessed April 15, 2009.
10. FEMA: “State and Local Guide (SLG) 101: Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning.” September 1996, p. iii. Available at http://www.fema.gov/pdf/plan/slg101.pdf; accessed April 15, 2009.
11. FEMA: March 2009 Comprehensive Preparedness Guide 101, p. Intro-2. Available at http://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/divisions/npd/cpg_101_layout.pdf; accessed April 15, 2009.
12. Ibid, p. Preface-2.
13. “Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000” is available at http://www.ready.nj.gov/pdf/mitigation/appendixa.pdf; accessed April 15, 2009.
14. FEMA: March 2009 Comprehensive Preparedness Guide 101, p. 3. Available at http://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/divisions/npd/cpg_101_layout.pdf; accessed April 15, 2009.
15. Ibid, p. 2-1.
16. FEMA: “State and Local Guide (SLG) 101: Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning.” September 1996, p. 3. Available at http://www.fema.gov/pdf/plan/slg101.pdf; accessed April 15, 2009.
17. SEMP Biot Report #590: “What is U.S. AFRICOM?” February 2, 2009. Available at http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=590; accessed April 15, 2009.
18. FEMA: “State and Local Guide (SLG) 101: Guide for All-Hazard Emergency Operations Planning.” September 1996, p, 2-4. Available at http://www.fema.gov/pdf/plan/slg101.pdf; accessed April 15, 2009.
19. FEMA Twitter Open Forum with David Paulison, January 12, 2009. Transcript is available at http://www.fema.gov/rams/transcripts/2009_01_12_Twitter_Event.txt; accessed April 15, 2009.
20. FEMA: March 2009 Comprehensive Preparedness Guide 101, p. Intro-1. Available at http://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/divisions/npd/cpg_101_layout.pdf; accessed April 15, 2009.
21. Ibid, p. 4-7.